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Plasmas are by far the most common phase of ordinary matter in the universe, both by mass and by volume. [42] Above the Earth's surface, the ionosphere is a plasma, [43] and the magnetosphere contains plasma. [44] Within our Solar System, interplanetary space is filled with the plasma expelled via the solar wind, extending from the Sun's ...
Comparison of the evolution of the universe under Alfvén–Klein cosmology and the Big Bang theory. [1]Plasma cosmology is a non-standard cosmology whose central postulate is that the dynamics of ionized gases and plasmas play important, if not dominant, roles in the physics of the universe at interstellar and intergalactic scales.
Astrophysical plasma is plasma outside of the Solar System. It is studied as part of astrophysics and is commonly observed in space. [2] The accepted view of scientists is that much of the baryonic matter in the universe exists in this state. [3] When matter becomes sufficiently hot and energetic, it becomes ionized and forms a plasma.
The Sun's corona, some types of flame, and stars are all examples of illuminated matter in the plasma state. Plasma is by far the most abundant of the four fundamental states, as 99% of all ordinary matter in the universe is plasma, as it composes all stars. [4] [5] [6]
Hexatic state, a state of matter that is between the solid and the isotropic liquid phases in two dimensional systems of particles. Ferroics; Ferroelastic state, a phenomenon in which a material may exhibit a spontaneous strain. Photon molecule: Photons which are connected with each other, attracted by apparent mass while mediating energy transfer.
The plasma of the magnetosphere has many different levels of temperature and concentration. The coldest magnetospheric plasma is most often found in the plasmasphere. However, plasma from the plasmasphere can be detected throughout the magnetosphere because it gets blown around by the Earth's electric and magnetic fields.
The plasma in the interplanetary medium is also responsible for the strength of the Sun's magnetic field at the orbit of the Earth being over 100 times greater than originally anticipated. If space were a vacuum, then the Sun's 10 −4 tesla magnetic dipole field would reduce with the cube of the distance to about 10 −11 tesla.
Natural plasmoid produced in the near-Earth magnetotail by magnetic reconnection. A plasmoid is a coherent structure of plasma and magnetic fields.Plasmoids have been proposed to explain natural phenomena such as ball lightning, [1] [2] magnetic bubbles in the magnetosphere, [3] and objects in cometary tails, [4] in the solar wind, [5] [6] solar atmosphere, [7] and in the heliospheric current ...