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The iron law of oligarchy is a political theory first developed by the German-born Italian sociologist Robert Michels in his 1911 book Political Parties. [1] It asserts that rule by an elite, or oligarchy , is inevitable as an "iron law" within any democratic organization as part of the "tactical and technical necessities" of the organization.
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[1] [2] He is best known for his book Political Parties, published in 1911, which contains a description of the "iron law of oligarchy." [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] He was a friend and disciple of Max Weber , Werner Sombart and Achille Loria .
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The term iron law is derived from Goethe's "great, eternal iron laws" in his poem Das Göttliche, (On The Divine) and may refer to: Hoffman's iron law, regarding speaker system design; Iron Law, a 1984 painting by Odd Nerdrum; Iron law of population, from Thomas Malthus' An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)
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Download as PDF; Printable version ... his article "O'Sullivan's First Law" in the 27 October 1989 print issue of the ... Michels's Iron Law of Oligarchy takes over ...
Union democracy refers to the governance of trade unions, as well as the protection of the rights and interests of individual members. [1] Modern usage of the term has focused on the extent to which election procedures ensure that the executives of a union most accurately represent the interests of the members.