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  2. Frequency (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_(statistics)

    Statistical hypothesis testing is founded on the assessment of differences and similarities between frequency distributions. This assessment involves measures of central tendency or averages, such as the mean and median, and measures of variability or statistical dispersion, such as the standard deviation or variance.

  3. Percentile rank - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentile_rank

    where CF—the cumulative frequency—is the count of all scores less than or equal to the score of interest, F is the frequency for the score of interest, and N is the number of scores in the distribution. Alternatively, if CF ' is the count of all scores less than the score of interest, then

  4. Cumulative frequency analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulative_frequency_analysis

    Cumulative frequency distribution, adapted cumulative probability distribution, and confidence intervals. Cumulative frequency analysis is the analysis of the frequency of occurrence of values of a phenomenon less than a reference value. The phenomenon may be time- or space-dependent. Cumulative frequency is also called frequency of non-exceedance.

  5. Percentile - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentile

    In statistics, a k-th percentile, also known as percentile score or centile, is a score below which a given percentage k of scores in its frequency distribution falls ("exclusive" definition) or a score at or below which a given percentage falls ("inclusive" definition); i.e. a score in the k-th percentile would be above approximately k% of all scores in its set.

  6. CUSUM - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUSUM

    In statistical quality control, the CUSUM (or cumulative sum control chart) is a sequential analysis technique developed by E. S. Page of the University of Cambridge. It is typically used for monitoring change detection. [1] CUSUM was announced in Biometrika, in 1954, a few years after the publication of Wald's sequential probability ratio test ...

  7. Summative assessment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summative_assessment

    Summative assessment usually involves students receiving a grade that indicates their level of performance. Grading systems can include a percentage, pass/fail, or some other form of scale grade. Summative assessments are weighed more than formative assessments. Summative assessments are often high stakes, which means that they have a high ...

  8. Cumulative distribution function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulative_distribution...

    Cumulative distribution function for the exponential distribution Cumulative distribution function for the normal distribution. In probability theory and statistics, the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of a real-valued random variable, or just distribution function of , evaluated at , is the probability that will take a value less than or equal to .

  9. Cumulant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulant

    The cumulative property follows quickly by considering the cumulant-generating function: + + = ⁡ ⁡ [(+ +)] = ⁡ (⁡ [] ⁡ []) = ⁡ ⁡ [] + + ⁡ ⁡ [] = + + (), so that each cumulant of a sum of independent random variables is the sum of the corresponding cumulants of the addends. That is, when the addends are statistically ...