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In linear algebra, the adjugate or classical adjoint of a square matrix A, adj(A), is the transpose of its cofactor matrix. [1] [2] It is occasionally known as adjunct matrix, [3] [4] or "adjoint", [5] though that normally refers to a different concept, the adjoint operator which for a matrix is the conjugate transpose.
Gaussian elimination is a useful and easy way to compute the inverse of a matrix. To compute a matrix inverse using this method, an augmented matrix is first created with the left side being the matrix to invert and the right side being the identity matrix. Then, Gaussian elimination is used to convert the left side into the identity matrix ...
The last property given above shows that if one views as a linear transformation from Hilbert space to , then the matrix corresponds to the adjoint operator of . The concept of adjoint operators between Hilbert spaces can thus be seen as a generalization of the conjugate transpose of matrices with respect to an orthonormal basis.
In mathematics, and in particular linear algebra, the Moore–Penrose inverse + of a matrix , often called the pseudoinverse, is the most widely known generalization of the inverse matrix. [1] It was independently described by E. H. Moore in 1920, [2] Arne Bjerhammar in 1951, [3] and Roger Penrose in 1955. [4]
The inverse of every orthogonal matrix is again orthogonal, as is the matrix product of two orthogonal matrices. In fact, the set of all n × n orthogonal matrices satisfies all the axioms of a group. It is a compact Lie group of dimension n(n − 1) / 2 , called the orthogonal group and denoted by O(n).
In linear algebra, an invertible complex square matrix U is unitary if its matrix inverse U −1 equals its conjugate transpose U *, that is, if = =, where I is the identity matrix.. In physics, especially in quantum mechanics, the conjugate transpose is referred to as the Hermitian adjoint of a matrix and is denoted by a dagger ( † ), so the equation above is written
The defining property for the gamma matrices to generate a Clifford algebra is the anticommutation relation {,} = + = ,where the curly brackets {,} represent the anticommutator, is the Minkowski metric with signature (+ − − −), and is the 4 × 4 identity matrix.
I is the 3 × 3 identity matrix (which is trivially involutory); R is the 3 × 3 identity matrix with a pair of interchanged rows; S is a signature matrix. Any block-diagonal matrices constructed from involutory matrices will also be involutory, as a consequence of the linear independence of the blocks.