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Lisp (historically LISP, an abbreviation of "list processing") is a family of programming languages with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized prefix notation. [3] Originally specified in the late 1950s, it is the second-oldest high-level programming language still in common use, after Fortran.
For example, it introduced metaclasses and, along with Flavors and CommonLoops, influenced the Common Lisp Object System, or , that is now part of Common Lisp, the current standard Lisp dialect. CLOS is a Lisp-based object-oriented system that allows multiple inheritance , in addition to incremental extensions to both classes and metaclasses ...
UML diagrams used to represent the physical view include the deployment diagram. [2] Scenarios: The description of an architecture is illustrated using a small set of use cases, or scenarios, which become a fifth view. The scenarios describe sequences of interactions between objects and between processes.
Thus, such programs can effectively modify themselves and appear to "learn", which makes them better suited for applications such as artificial intelligence, expert systems, natural language processing, and computer games. Languages that support symbolic programming include homoiconic languages such as Wolfram Language, [2] Lisp, Prolog, [3 ...
Paradigms of AI Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp (ISBN 1-55860-191-0) is a well-known programming book by Peter Norvig about artificial intelligence programming using Common Lisp. History [ edit ]
Common Lisp is sometimes termed a Lisp-2 and Scheme a Lisp-1, referring to CL's use of separate namespaces for functions and variables. (In fact, CL has many namespaces, such as those for go tags, block names, and loop keywords). There is a long-standing controversy between CL and Scheme advocates over the tradeoffs involved in multiple namespaces.
Modern programming languages use symbols to represent concepts and/or data and are, therefore, examples of symbolic languages. [1] Some programming languages (such as Lisp and Mathematica) make it easy to represent higher-level abstractions as expressions in the language, enabling symbolic programming. [2] [3]
In designing an artificial intelligence agent, it was soon realized that representing common-sense knowledge, knowledge that humans simply take for granted, was essential to make an AI that could interact with humans using natural language. Cyc was meant to address this problem. The language they defined was known as CycL.