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The Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias in which people with limited competence in a particular domain overestimate their abilities. It was first described by David Dunning and Justin Kruger in 1999. Some researchers also include the opposite effect for high performers: their tendency to underestimate their skills.
One might also say that an unlikely event will happen "on the 32nd of the month". To express indefinite postponement, you might say that an event is deferred "to the [Greek] Calends" (see Latin). A less common expression used to point out someone's wishful thinking is Αν η γιαγιά μου είχε καρούλια, θα ήταν ...
Equivocation – using a term with more than one meaning in a statement without specifying which meaning is intended. [21] Ambiguous middle term – using a middle term with multiple meanings. [22] Definitional retreat – changing the meaning of a word when an objection is raised. [23]
An idiom is a common word or phrase with a figurative, non-literal meaning that is understood culturally and differs from what its composite words' denotations would suggest; i.e. the words together have a meaning that is different from the dictionary definitions of the individual words (although some idioms do retain their literal meanings – see the example "kick the bucket" below).
Overplacement is the most prominent manifestation of the overconfidence effect which is a belief that erroneously rates someone as better than others. [17] This subsection of overconfidence occurs when people believe themselves to be better than others, or "better-than-average". [3]
Hypophora: answering one's own rhetorical question at length. Illeism: the act of referring to oneself in the third person instead of first person. Innuendo: having a hidden meaning in a sentence that makes sense whether it is detected or not. Irony: use of word in a way that conveys a meaning opposite to its usual meaning. [18]
The psychological biases that blind people, both individually and collectively, to uncertainty and to the substantial role of rare events in historical affairs. Taleb's "black swan theory" (which differs from the earlier philosophical versions of the problem) refers only to statistically unexpected events of large magnitude and consequence and ...
People's conception of who they are, can be shaped by the memories of the choices they make; the college favored over the one renounced, the job chosen over the one rejected, the candidate elected instead of another one not selected. [19] Memories of chosen as well as forgone alternatives can affect one's sense of well-being.