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The plasma total calcium concentration is in the range of 2.2–2.6 mmol/L (9–10.5 mg/dL), and the normal ionized calcium is 1.3–1.5 mmol/L (4.5–5.6 mg/dL). [4] The amount of total calcium in the blood varies with the level of plasma albumin, the most abundant protein in plasma, and therefore the main carrier of protein-bound calcium in the blood.
Diagnosis should generally include either a calculation of corrected calcium or direct measurement of ionized calcium level and be confirmed after a week. [1] This is because either high or low serum albumin levels does not show the true levels of ionised calcium. [ 15 ]
The amount of biologically active calcium varies with the level of serum albumin, a protein to which calcium is bound, and therefore levels of ionized calcium are better measures than a total calcium; however, one can correct a total calcium if the albumin level is known. [citation needed]
Matter organizes into various phases or states of matter depending on its constituents and external factors like pressure and temperature.Except at extreme temperatures and pressures, atoms form the three classical states of matter: solid, liquid and gas.
The following chart shows the solubility of various ionic compounds in water at 1 atm pressure and room temperature (approx. 25 °C, 298.15 K). "Soluble" means the ionic compound doesn't precipitate, while "slightly soluble" and "insoluble" mean that a solid will precipitate; "slightly soluble" compounds like calcium sulfate may require heat to precipitate.
Total body water in healthy adults is about 50–60% (range 45 to 75%) of total body weight; [1] women and the obese typically have a lower percentage than lean men. [2] Extracellular fluid makes up about one-third of body fluid, the remaining two-thirds is intracellular fluid within cells. [3]
Milk-alkali syndrome (MAS), also referred to as calcium-alkali syndrome, is the third most common cause of elevated blood calcium levels (hypercalcemia). [2] [3] Milk-alkali syndrome is characterized by hypercalcemia, metabolic alkalosis, and acute kidney injury.
To calculate a corrected calcium in mmol/L one takes the total calcium in mmol/L and adds it to ((40 minus the serum albumin in g/L) multiplied by 0.02). [33] There is, however, controversy around the usefulness of corrected calcium as it may be no better than total calcium. [34] It may be more useful to correct total calcium for both albumin ...