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Expanding (x + y) n yields the sum of the 2 n products of the form e 1 e 2... e n where each e i is x or y. Rearranging factors shows that each product equals x n−k y k for some k between 0 and n. For a given k, the following are proved equal in succession: the number of terms equal to x n−k y k in the expansion
A binomial raised to the n th power, represented as (x + y) n can be expanded by means of the binomial theorem or, equivalently, using Pascal's triangle. For example, the square (x + y) 2 of the binomial (x + y) is equal to the sum of the squares of the two terms and twice the product of the terms, that is:
The binomial approximation for the square root, + + /, can be applied for the following expression, + where and are real but .. The mathematical form for the binomial approximation can be recovered by factoring out the large term and recalling that a square root is the same as a power of one half.
For example, antiderivatives of x 2 + 1 have the form 1 / 3 x 3 + x + c. For polynomials whose coefficients come from more abstract settings (for example, if the coefficients are integers modulo some prime number p , or elements of an arbitrary ring), the formula for the derivative can still be interpreted formally, with the coefficient ...
An integral quadratic form has integer coefficients, such as x 2 + xy + y 2; equivalently, given a lattice Λ in a vector space V (over a field with characteristic 0, such as Q or R), a quadratic form Q is integral with respect to Λ if and only if it is integer-valued on Λ, meaning Q(x, y) ∈ Z if x, y ∈ Λ.
The derivative of a constant term is 0, so when a term containing a constant term is differentiated, the constant term vanishes, regardless of its value. Therefore the antiderivative is only determined up to an unknown constant term, which is called "the constant of integration" and added in symbolic form (usually denoted as ).
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In mathematics, an expansion of a product of sums expresses it as a sum of products by using the fact that multiplication distributes over addition. Expansion of a polynomial expression can be obtained by repeatedly replacing subexpressions that multiply two other subexpressions, at least one of which is an addition, by the equivalent sum of products, continuing until the expression becomes a ...