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There are many ways to explain the phenomena of misinformation, including traditional science communication theories, but also various psychological and social theories. These theories attempt to explain why individuals believe and share misinformation, and they also inform the rationale behind various misinformation interventions seeking to ...
The misinformation effect also appears to stem from memory impairment, meaning that post-event misinformation makes it harder for people to remember the event. [7] The misinformation reflects two of the cardinal sins of memory: suggestibility , the influence of others' expectations on our memory; and misattribution , information attributed to ...
Malinformation is information which is based on fact, but removed from its original context in order to mislead, harm, or manipulate. [1] Whether something should be considered malinformation can therefore contain an element of subjectivity, and it is therefore a controversial concept.
Conspiracy theories used to be confined to dark corners of the internet. Now, they muddy conversations around news events on mainstream social media platforms.
Factors that contribute to the effectiveness of a corrective message include an individual's mental model or worldview, repeated exposure to the misinformation, time between misinformation and correction, credibility of the sources, and relative coherency of the misinformation and corrective message. Corrective messages will be more effective ...
Psychological phenomena, such as stereotyping, confirmation bias, selective attention, and echo chambers, contribute to the virality and success of disinformation on digital platforms. [139] [145] [5] Disinformation attacks are often considered a type of psychological warfare because of their use of psychological techniques to manipulate ...
Censorship is an issue commonly involved in the discussion of information ethics because it describes the inability to access or express opinions or information based on the belief it is bad for others to view this opinion or information. [12]
The Shorenstein Center at Harvard University defines disinformation research as an academic field that studies "the spread and impacts of misinformation, disinformation, and media manipulation," including "how it spreads through online and offline channels, and why people are susceptible to believing bad information, and successful strategies for mitigating its impact". [23]