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Ruthenium is the only 4d transition metal that can assume the group oxidation state +8, and even then it is less stable there than the heavier congener osmium: this is the first group from the left of the table where the second and third-row transition metals display notable differences in chemical behavior.
With its similar properties to and lower cost than rhodium, electric contacts are a major use of ruthenium. The ruthenium plate is applied to the electrical contact and electrode base metal by electroplating or sputtering. Osmium is a hard but brittle metal that remains lustrous even at high temperatures. It has a very low compressibility.
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Physical properties; ... Spectral lines of ruthenium: Other properties; ... E1–E118, discovered, existing full set, mentioned here for easy reference
The properties of ruthenium and osmium compounds are often similar. The +2, +3, and +4 states are the most common. The +2, +3, and +4 states are the most common. The most prevalent precursor is ruthenium trichloride , a red solid that is poorly defined chemically but versatile synthetically.
Ruthenium(IV) oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Ru O 2. This black solid is the most common oxide of ruthenium . It is widely used as an electrocatalyst for producing chlorine, chlorine oxides, and O 2 . [ 1 ]
Ruthenium(III) chloride is the chemical compound with the formula RuCl 3. "Ruthenium(III) chloride" more commonly refers to the hydrate RuCl 3 · x H 2 O. Both the anhydrous and hydrated species are dark brown or black solids.