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The alanine amino acid acts as a shuttle - it leaves the cell, entering the blood stream and traveling to hepatocytes in the liver, where essentially this entire process is reversed. Alanine undergoes a transamination reaction with free α-ketoglutarate to yield glutamate, which is then deaminated to form pyruvate and, ultimately, free ammonium ...
Alanine transaminase (ALT), also known as alanine aminotransferase (ALT or ALAT), formerly serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) or serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), is a transaminase enzyme (EC 2.6.1.2) that was first characterized in the mid-1950s by Arthur Karmen and colleagues. [1]
Transaminases require the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate, which is converted into pyridoxamine in the first half-reaction, when an amino acid is converted into a keto acid. Enzyme-bound pyridoxamine in turn reacts with pyruvate, oxaloacetate, or alpha-ketoglutarate, giving alanine, aspartic acid, or glutamic acid, respectively. Many ...
In the second step, the amino group of the newly formed glutamate is transferred to pyruvate by an aminotransferase enzyme, regenerating the α-ketoglutarate, and converting the pyruvate to alanine. The net result is that pyruvate and ammonia are converted to alanine, consuming one reducing equivalent. [6]: 721 Because transamination reactions ...
In enzymology, an alanine-oxo-acid transaminase (EC 2.6.1.12) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction. L-alanine + a 2-oxo acid pyruvate + an L-amino acid. Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are L-alanine and 2-oxo acid, whereas its two products are pyruvate and L-amino acid.
Reactions beginning with either one or two molecules of pyruvate lead to the synthesis of alanine, valine, and leucine. Feedback inhibition of final products is the main method of inhibition, and, in E. coli , the ilvEDA operon also plays a part in this regulation.
In enzymology, an alanine-glyoxylate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.44) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction L-alanine + glyoxylate ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } pyruvate + glycine Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are L-alanine and glyoxylate , whereas its two products are pyruvate and glycine .
Alanine dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction. L-alanine + H 2 O + NAD + pyruvate + NH 3 + NADH + H +. The 2 substrates of this enzyme are L-alanine, water, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + because water is 55M and does not change, whereas its 4 products are pyruvate, ammonia, NADH, and hydrogen ion.