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Individuals (instances) are the basic, "ground level" components of an ontology. The individuals in an ontology may include concrete objects such as people, animals, tables, automobiles, molecules, and planets, as well as abstract individuals such as numbers and words (although there are differences of opinion as to whether numbers and words are classes or individuals).
Cremin, Lawrence A. American Education: The Colonial Experience, 1607–1783. (1970); American Education: The National Experience, 1783–1876. (1980); American Education: The Metropolitan Experience, 1876-1980 (1990); standard 3 vol detailed scholarly history; Eisenmann, Linda. Higher Education for Women in Postwar America, 1945-1965.
This outlook is known as animism [167] and is also found in Native American ontologies, which emphasize the interconnectedness of all living entities and the importance of balance and harmony with nature. [168] Ontology is closely related to theology and its interest in the existence of God as an ultimate entity.
Ontology Design Patterns portal [73] is a wiki repository of reusable components and practices for ontology design, and also maintains a list of exemplary ontologies. Protégé Ontology Library [74] contains a set of OWL, Frame-based and other format ontologies. SchemaWeb [75] is a directory of RDF schemata expressed in RDFS, OWL and DAML+OIL.
Ontologies can be used for structuring data in a machine-readable manner. [14] In this context, an ontology is a controlled vocabulary of classes that can be placed in hierarchical relations with each other. [15] These classes can represent entities in the real world which data is about.
Gellish is an example of a combined ontology language and ontology that is description logic based. It distinguishes between the semantic differences among others of: relation types for relations between concepts (classes)
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