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Photons seem well-suited to be elements of an extremely fast quantum computer, and the quantum entanglement of photons is a focus of research. Nonlinear optical processes are another active research area, with topics such as two-photon absorption , self-phase modulation , modulational instability and optical parametric oscillators .
The plasma approximation: The plasma approximation applies when the plasma parameter Λ, [26] representing the number of charge carriers within the Debye sphere is much higher than unity. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] It can be readily shown that this criterion is equivalent to smallness of the ratio of the plasma electrostatic and thermal energy densities.
In physics, a plasmon is a quantum of plasma oscillation.Just as light (an optical oscillation) consists of photons, the plasma oscillation consists of plasmons.The plasmon can be considered as a quasiparticle since it arises from the quantization of plasma oscillations, just like phonons are quantizations of mechanical vibrations.
Photons with high photon energy can transform in quantum mechanics to lepton and quark pairs, the latter fragmented subsequently to jets of hadrons, i.e. protons, pions, etc.At high energies E the lifetime t of such quantum fluctuations of mass M becomes nearly macroscopic: t ≈ E/M 2; this amounts to flight lengths as large as one micrometer for electron pairs in a 100 GeV photon beam, while ...
Since most of the ionized atoms are due to the secondary beta particles, photons are indirectly ionizing radiation. [10] Radiated photons are called gamma rays if they are produced by a nuclear reaction, subatomic particle decay, or radioactive decay within the nucleus. They are called x-rays if produced outside the nucleus. The generic term ...
He named them "mitogenetic rays" because his experiments convinced him that they had a stimulating effect on cell division. [23] In the 1970s Fritz-Albert Popp and his research group at the University of Marburg showed that the spectral distribution of the emission fell over a wide range of wavelengths, from 200 to 750 nm. [24]
Photonic molecules are a form of matter in which photons bind together to form "molecules". [1] [2] [3] They were first predicted in 2007.Photonic molecules are formed when individual (massless) photons "interact with each other so strongly that they act as though they have mass". [4]
In chemistry, many reactions depend on the absorption of photons to provide the energy needed to overcome the activation energy barrier and hence can be labelled light-dependent. Such reactions range from the silver halide reactions used in photographic film to the creation and destruction of ozone in the upper atmosphere .