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These are counted by the double factorial 15 = (6 − 1)‼. In mathematics, the double factorial of a number n, denoted by n‼, is the product of all the positive integers up to n that have the same parity (odd or even) as n. [1] That is,
Daniel Bernoulli and Leonhard Euler interpolated the factorial function to a continuous function of complex numbers, except at the negative integers, the (offset) gamma function. Many other notable functions and number sequences are closely related to the factorials, including the binomial coefficients , double factorials , falling factorials ...
A corresponding relation holds for the rising factorial and the backward difference operator. The study of analogies of this type is known as umbral calculus. A general theory covering such relations, including the falling and rising factorial functions, is given by the theory of polynomial sequences of binomial type and Sheffer sequences ...
A double exponential function (red curve) compared to a single exponential function (blue curve). A double exponential function is a constant raised to the power of an exponential function. The general formula is () = = (where a>1 and b>1), which grows much more quickly than an exponential function. For example, if a = b = 10: f(x) = 10 10 x; f ...
The hyperfactorials were studied beginning in the 19th century by Hermann Kinkelin [3] [4] and James Whitbread Lee Glaisher. [5] [4] As Kinkelin showed, just as the factorials can be continuously interpolated by the gamma function, the hyperfactorials can be continuously interpolated by the K-function.
The gamma function is an important special function in mathematics.Its particular values can be expressed in closed form for integer and half-integer arguments, but no simple expressions are known for the values at rational points in general.
A.M. – arithmetic mean. AP – arithmetic progression. arccos – inverse cosine function. arccosec – inverse cosecant function. (Also written as arccsc.) arccot – inverse cotangent function. arccsc – inverse cosecant function. (Also written as arccosec.) arcexc – inverse excosecant function. (Also written as arcexcsc, arcexcosec.)
A different technique, which goes back to Laplace (1812), [3] is the following. Let = =. Since the limits on s as y → ±∞ depend on the sign of x, it simplifies the calculation to use the fact that e −x 2 is an even function, and, therefore, the integral over all real numbers is just twice the integral from zero to infinity.