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The reason for this is to distinguish between a file named '1' and stdout, i.e. cat file 2 >1 vs cat file 2 > & 1. In the first case, stderr is redirected to a file named ' 1 ' and in the second, stderr is redirected to stdout. Another useful capability is to redirect one standard file handle to another.
File pointers stdin, stdout, and stderr are also provided. Ken Thompson (designer and implementer of the original Unix operating system) modified sort in Version 5 Unix to accept "-" as representing standard input, which spread to other utilities and became a part of the operating system as a special file in Version 8 .
var x1 = 0; // A global variable, because it is not in any function let x2 = 0; // Also global, this time because it is not in any block function f {var z = 'foxes', r = 'birds'; // 2 local variables m = 'fish'; // global, because it wasn't declared anywhere before function child {var r = 'monkeys'; // This variable is local and does not affect the "birds" r of the parent function. z ...
If the target is a non-existent section of an existing page, then the redirect will take the reader to the top of the target page. Chains of redirects are not followed. If title A redirects to B, and B is itself a redirect page, then a reader navigating to A will see the display of the redirect page B (as illustrated).
The main function accepts the name of a single page. It determines if the page is a redirect; if so it looks up the page, extracts the target, and returns the target name as text. Its usage is {{#invoke:redirect|main|page-name}}. If page-name does not exist or is not a redirect then page-name is returned.
Redirection services can hide the referrer by placing an intermediate page between the page the link is on and its destination. Although these are conceptually similar to other URL redirection services, they serve a different purpose, and they rarely attempt to shorten or obfuscate the destination URL (as their only intended side-effect is to ...
Meta refresh is a method of instructing a web browser to automatically refresh the current web page or frame after a given time interval, using an HTML meta element with the http-equiv parameter set to "refresh" and a content parameter giving the time interval in seconds.
The command ls -l is executed as a process, the output (stdout) of which is piped to the input (stdin) of the process for grep key; and likewise for the process for less. Each process takes input from the previous process and produces output for the next process via standard streams .