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In general, nondisjunction can occur in any form of cell division that involves ordered distribution of chromosomal material. Higher animals have three distinct forms of such cell divisions: Meiosis I and meiosis II are specialized forms of cell division occurring during generation of gametes (eggs and sperm) for sexual reproduction, mitosis is the form of cell division used by all other cells ...
Nondisjunction usually occurs as the result of a weakened mitotic checkpoint, as these checkpoints tend to arrest or delay cell division until all components of the cell are ready to enter the next phase. For example, if a checkpoint is weakened, the cell may fail to 'notice' that a chromosome pair is not lined with the spindle apparatus. In ...
Sheffer interpreted the stroke as a sign for nondisjunction in his paper, mentioning non-conjunction only in a footnote and without a special sign for it. It was Jean Nicod who first used the stroke as a sign for non-conjunction (NAND) in a paper of 1917 and which has since become current practice.
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Three types of cell division: binary fission (taking place in prokaryotes), mitosis and meiosis (taking place in eukaryotes).. When cells are ready to divide, because cell size is big enough or because they receive the appropriate stimulus, [20] they activate the mechanism to enter into the cell cycle, and they duplicate most organelles during S (synthesis) phase, including their centrosome.
1. How is nondisjunction defined; what are characteristic features and consequences of nondisjunction. 2. How is nondisjunction classified according to cell cycle phase (meiosis I, meiosis II, mitosis) and location (germ line versus somatic). This distinction could be clarified by a table.
48,XXYY syndrome is a condition related to the X and Y chromosomes (the sex chromosomes). People normally have 46 chromosomes in each cell.Two of the 46 chromosomes, known as X and Y, are called sex chromosomes because they help determine whether a person will develop male or female sex characteristics.
This process results in each gamete usually containing a mixture of chromosomes from both original parents. Improper chromosome segregation (see non-disjunction, disomy) can result in aneuploid gametes having either too few or too many chromosomes. The second stage at which segregation occurs during meiosis is prophase II (see meiosis diagram ...