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  2. Modular arithmetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic

    Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones ...

  3. Multiplicative group of integers modulo n - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_group_of...

    n. In modular arithmetic, the integers coprime (relatively prime) to n from the set of n non-negative integers form a group under multiplication modulo n, called the multiplicative group of integers modulo n. Equivalently, the elements of this group can be thought of as the congruence classes, also known as residues modulo n, that are coprime to n.

  4. Quadratic reciprocity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_reciprocity

    The former are ≡ ±1 (mod 5) and the latter are ≡ ±2 (mod 5). Since the only residues (mod 5) are ±1, we see that 5 is a quadratic residue modulo every prime which is a residue modulo 5. −5 is in rows 3, 7, 23, 29, 41, 43, and 47 but not in rows 11, 13, 17, 19, 31, or 37.

  5. Modulo (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo_(mathematics)

    Modulo is a mathematical jargon that was introduced into mathematics in the book Disquisitiones Arithmeticae by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1801. [3] Given the integers a, b and n, the expression "a ≡ b (mod n)", pronounced "a is congruent to b modulo n", means that a − b is an integer multiple of n, or equivalently, a and b both share the same remainder when divided by n.

  6. Modulo - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo

    For example, the expression "5 mod 2" evaluates to 1, because 5 divided by 2 has a quotient of 2 and a remainder of 1, while "9 mod 3" would evaluate to 0, because 9 divided by 3 has a quotient of 3 and a remainder of 0. Although typically performed with a and n both being integers, many computing systems now allow other types of numeric operands.

  7. Grid method multiplication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_method_multiplication

    Grid method multiplication. The grid method (also known as the box method) of multiplication is an introductory approach to multi-digit multiplication calculations that involve numbers larger than ten. Because it is often taught in mathematics education at the level of primary school or elementary school, this algorithm is sometimes called the ...

  8. Trachtenberg system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachtenberg_system

    Take half of the neighbor, then, if the current digit is odd, add 5. Example: 42×5=210 Half of 2's neighbor, the trailing zero, is 0. Half of 4's neighbor is 1. Half of the leading zero's neighbor is 2. 43×5 = 215 Half of 3's neighbor is 0, plus 5 because 3 is odd, is 5. Half of 4's neighbor is 1. Half of the leading zero's neighbor is 2. 93 ...

  9. Division (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(mathematics)

    This is denoted as 20 / 5 = 4, or ⁠ 20 / 5 ⁠ = 4. [2] In the example, 20 is the dividend, 5 is the divisor, and 4 is the quotient. Unlike the other basic operations, when dividing natural numbers there is sometimes a remainder that will not go evenly into the dividend; for example, 10 / 3 leaves a remainder of 1, as 10 is not a multiple of 3.