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H2SO4 + Ca (OH)2 → CaSO4 · 2H2O. When concrete is carbonated by atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2), or if limestone aggregates are used in concrete, H2SO4 reacts with calcite (CaCO3) and water to also form gypsum while releasing CO 2 back to the atmosphere: H2SO4 + CaCO3 + H2O → CaSO4 · 2H2O + CO2.
Water balance. Groundwater recharge or deep drainage or deep percolation is a hydrologic process, where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater. Recharge is the primary method through which water enters an aquifer. This process usually occurs in the vadose zone below plant roots and is often expressed as a flux to the water table ...
Concrete is used to create hard surfaces which contribute to surface runoff that may cause soil erosion, water pollution and flooding. Conversely, concrete is one of the most powerful tools for proper flood control, by means of damming, diversion, and deflection of flood waters, mud flows, and the like.
Stormwater, also written storm water, is water that originates from precipitation (storm), including heavy rain and meltwater from hail and snow. Stormwater can soak into the soil (infiltrate) and become groundwater, be stored on depressed land surface in ponds and puddles, evaporate back into the atmosphere, or contribute to surface runoff.
Concrete waste that is rich in alkaline calcium compounds can be used to remove and recover various elements from an aqueous solution. Waste concrete has been used as a sorbent to remove phosphorus from wastewater after the removal of excess sludge in sewage treatment plants. [26] Concrete waste may also be used as an inexpensive gas treatment ...
When it snows and the ice starts to melt, the water that soaks in the concrete could refreeze if the temperature starts to drop. As it freezes, the water-turned-ice starts to expand, which can ...
Properties of concrete. Concrete has relatively high compressive strength (resistance to breaking when squeezed), but significantly lower tensile strength (resistance to breaking when pulled apart). The compressive strength is typically controlled with the ratio of water to cement when forming the concrete, and tensile strength is increased by ...
A leachate evaporation pond in a landfill site located in Cancún, Mexico. A leachate is any liquid that, in the course of passing through matter, extracts soluble or suspended solids, or any other component of the material through which it has passed. Leachate is a widely used term in the environmental sciences where it has the specific ...