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In algebra, Gauss's lemma, [1] named after Carl Friedrich Gauss, is a theorem [note 1] about polynomials over the integers, or, more generally, over a unique factorization domain (that is, a ring that has a unique factorization property similar to the fundamental theorem of arithmetic). Gauss's lemma underlies all the theory of factorization ...
The proof of the n th-power lemma uses the same ideas that were used in the proof of the quadratic lemma. The existence of the integers π ( i ) and b ( i ) , and their uniqueness (mod m ) and (mod n ), respectively, come from the fact that Aμ is a representative set.
Rational root theorem. In algebra, the rational root theorem (or rational root test, rational zero theorem, rational zero test or p/q theorem) states a constraint on rational solutions of a polynomial equation with integer coefficients and . Solutions of the equation are also called roots or zeros of the polynomial on the left side.
Ceiling function. In mathematics, the floor function is the function that takes as input a real number x, and gives as output the greatest integer less than or equal to x, denoted ⌊x⌋ or floor (x). Similarly, the ceiling function maps x to the smallest integer greater than or equal to x, denoted ⌈x⌉ or ceil (x). [ 1 ]
Gauss published the first and second proofs of the law of quadratic reciprocity on arts 125–146 and 262 of Disquisitiones Arithmeticae in 1801.. In number theory, the law of quadratic reciprocity is a theorem about modular arithmetic that gives conditions for the solvability of quadratic equations modulo prime numbers.
Fundamental theorem of algebra. The fundamental theorem of algebra, also called d'Alembert's theorem[1] or the d'Alembert–Gauss theorem, [2] states that every non- constant single-variable polynomial with complex coefficients has at least one complex root. This includes polynomials with real coefficients, since every real number is a complex ...
The fundamental theorem can be derived from Book VII, propositions 30, 31 and 32, and Book IX, proposition 14 of Euclid's Elements. If two numbers by multiplying one another make somenumber, and any prime number measure the product, it willalso measure one of the original numbers. — Euclid, Elements Book VII, Proposition 30.
Lemma (mathematics) In mathematics and other fields, [a] a lemma (pl.: lemmas or lemmata) is a generally minor, proven proposition which is used as a stepping stone to a larger result. For that reason, it is also known as a "helping theorem " or an "auxiliary theorem". [3][4] In many cases, a lemma derives its importance from the theorem it ...