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Then, the base memory clock will operate at (Memory Divider) × (FSB) = 1 × 200 = 200 MHz and the effective memory clock would be 400 MHz since it is a DDR system ("DDR" stands for Double Data Rate; the effective memory clock speed is double the actual clock speed). The CPU will operate at 10 × 200 MHz = 2.0 GHz.
Without knowing the clock frequency it is impossible to state if one set of timings is "faster" than another. For example, DDR3-2000 memory has a 1000 MHz clock frequency, which yields a 1 ns clock cycle. With this 1 ns clock, a CAS latency of 7 gives an absolute CAS latency of 7 ns. Faster DDR3-2666 memory (with a 1333 MHz clock, or 0.75 ns ...
The calculator uses the proprietary HP Nut processor produced in a bulk CMOS process and featured continuous memory, whereby the contents of memory are preserved while the calculator is turned off. [13] Though commonplace now, this was still notable in the early 1980s, and is the origin of the "C" in the model name.
A simple arithmetic calculator was first included with Windows 1.0. [5]In Windows 3.0, a scientific mode was added, which included exponents and roots, logarithms, factorial-based functions, trigonometry (supports radian, degree and gradians angles), base conversions (2, 8, 10, 16), logic operations, statistical functions such as single variable statistics and linear regression.
Historical lowest retail price of computer memory and storage Electromechanical memory used in the IBM 602, an early punch multiplying calculator Detail of the back of a section of ENIAC, showing vacuum tubes Williams tube used as memory in the IAS computer c. 1951 8 GB microSDHC card on top of 8 bytes of magnetic-core memory (1 core is 1 bit.)
The gap between processor speed and main memory speed has grown exponentially. Until 2001–05, CPU speed, as measured by clock frequency, grew annually by 55%, whereas memory speed only grew by 7%. [1] This problem is known as the memory wall. The motivation for a cache and its hierarchy is to bridge this speed gap and overcome the memory wall.
A common example is the Data General Nova, which was a 16-bit design that performed 16-bit math as a series of four 4-bit operations. 4-bits was the word size of a widely available single-chip ALU and thus allowed for inexpensive implementation. Using the definition being applied to the 68000, the Nova would be a 4-bit computer, or 4/16.
Two memory interfaces per module is a common configuration for PC system memory, but single-channel configurations are common in older, low-end, or low-power devices. Some personal computers and most modern graphics cards use more than two memory interfaces (e.g., four for Intel's LGA 2011 platform and the NVIDIA GeForce GTX 980).