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Turkish grammar (Turkish: Türkçe dil bilgisi), as described in this article, is the grammar of standard Turkish as spoken and written by the majority of people in the Republic of Türkiye. Turkish is a highly agglutinative language , in that much of the grammar is expressed by means of suffixes added to nouns and verbs .
There are nine simple and 20 compound tenses in Turkish. The nine simple tenses are: simple past (di'li geçmiş), inferential past (miş'li geçmiş), present continuous, simple present , future, optative, subjunctive, necessitative ("must") and imperative. [74] There are three groups of compound forms.
Grammatical abbreviations are generally written in full or small caps to visually distinguish them from the translations of lexical words. For instance, capital or small-cap PAST (frequently abbreviated to PST) glosses a grammatical past-tense morpheme, while lower-case 'past' would be a literal translation of a word with that meaning.
In Russian the copula быть (byt’) is normally omitted in the present tense, but not in the past and future tenses: Present (omitted): Она дома (Ona doma, literally "She at home"), i.e., "She is now at home, in the house" Past (used): Она была дома (Ona byla doma, "She was at home")
However, there are other features of the Turkish language that could be considered fusional, such as the suffixes for the simple present tense. This is the only tense where, rather than having a suffix did negation which can be included before the temporal suffix, there are two different suffixes – one for affirmative and one for negative.
For example, some grammars of Turkish count the -iyor form as a present tense; [1] some as a progressive tense; [2] and some as both a continuous (nonhabitual imperfective) and a progressive (continuous non-stative) aspect. [3]
For example, in Turkish: ... Below is the conjugation of the verb to be in the present tense (of the infinitive, if it exists, and indicative moods), ...
The Turkish alphabet (Turkish: Türk alfabesi) is a Latin-script alphabet used for writing the Turkish language, consisting of 29 letters, seven of which (Ç, Ğ, I, İ, Ö, Ş and Ü) have been modified from their Latin originals for the phonetic requirements of the language.