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Libertatia (also known as Libertalia) was a purported pirate colony founded in the late 17th century in Madagascar under the leadership of Captain James Misson (last name occasionally spelled "Mission", first name occasionally given as "Olivier").
The pirates ran their affairs using what was called the pirate code, which was the basis of their claim that their rule of New Providence constituted a kind of republic. [13] According to the code, the pirates ran their ships democratically, sharing plunder equally and selecting and deposing their captains by popular vote . [ 14 ]
Pirate democracy was flexible but unable to deal with long-term dissent from the crew. [7] One description of the ritual of the pirate's code was in Alexandre Exquemelin's Buccaneers of America, published in 1678. Pirates called a first council (which included all crew members) to decide where to get provisions. Then they raided for supplies.
The pirates, dubbed "Barbary Corsairs", ravaged European shipping operations and enslaved many thousands of captives. Wilson focuses on the Pirate Republic of Salé, in 17th-century Morocco, which may have had its own lingua franca. Like some other pirate states, it even used to pass treaties from time to time with some European countries ...
A letter of marque and reprisal (French: lettre de marque; lettre de course) was a government license in the Age of Sail that authorized a private person, known as a privateer or corsair, to attack and capture vessels of a foreign state at war with the issuer, licensing international military operations against a specified enemy as reprisal for a previous attack or injury.
A crowned republic, is a form of constitutional monarchy where the monarch's role is commonly seen as largely ceremonial and where all the royal prerogatives are prescribed by custom and law in such a way that the monarch has limited discretion over governmental and constitutional issues.
Today's Strands game revolves around materials and substances that form naturally below the Earth's surface. NYT Strands Spangram Hint: Is it Vertical or Horizontal? Today's spangram is vertical ...
The Buck's new pirate crew included reformed pirates Thomas Anstis and Howell Davis, [75] as well as a man who had come from England aboard the Buck, Walter Kennedy. [74] Moreover, Rogers estimated that 150 pirates had left New Providence between the end of July and late October, including pirates hoping to join Vane. [76]