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In probability theory, conditional dependence is a relationship between two or more events that are dependent when a third event occurs. [1] [2] For example, if and are two events that individually increase the probability of a third event , and do not directly affect each other, then initially (when it has not been observed whether or not the ...
In probability theory, conditional independence describes situations wherein an observation is irrelevant or redundant when evaluating the certainty of a hypothesis. . Conditional independence is usually formulated in terms of conditional probability, as a special case where the probability of the hypothesis given the uninformative observation is equal to the probability
Independence is a fundamental notion in probability theory, as in statistics and the theory of stochastic processes.Two events are independent, statistically independent, or stochastically independent [1] if, informally speaking, the occurrence of one does not affect the probability of occurrence of the other or, equivalently, does not affect the odds.
In probability, weak dependence of random variables is a generalization of independence that is weaker than the concept of a martingale [citation needed].A (time) sequence of random variables is weakly dependent if distinct portions of the sequence have a covariance that asymptotically decreases to 0 as the blocks are further separated in time.
Given two events A and B from the sigma-field of a probability space, with the unconditional probability of B being greater than zero (i.e., P(B) > 0), the conditional probability of A given B (()) is the probability of A occurring if B has or is assumed to have happened. [5]
An event, however, is any subset of the sample space, including any singleton set (an elementary event), the empty set (an impossible event, with probability zero) and the sample space itself (a certain event, with probability one). Other events are proper subsets of the sample space that contain multiple elements. So, for example, potential ...
Seen as a function of for given , (= | =) is a probability mass function and so the sum over all (or integral if it is a conditional probability density) is 1. Seen as a function of x {\displaystyle x} for given y {\displaystyle y} , it is a likelihood function , so that the sum (or integral) over all x {\displaystyle x} need not be 1.
In probability theory, the chain rule [1] (also called the general product rule [2] [3]) describes how to calculate the probability of the intersection of, not necessarily independent, events or the joint distribution of random variables respectively, using conditional probabilities.