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where temperature T is in degrees Celsius (°C) and saturation vapor pressure P is in kilopascals (kPa). According to Monteith and Unsworth, "Values of saturation vapour pressure from Tetens' formula are within 1 Pa of exact values up to 35 °C." Murray (1967) provides Tetens' equation for temperatures below 0 °C: [3]
Common multiple units of the pascal are the hectopascal (1 hPa = 100 Pa), which is equal to one millibar, and the kilopascal (1 kPa = 1000 Pa), which is equal to one centibar. The unit of measurement called standard atmosphere (atm) is defined as 101,325 Pa . [ 2 ]
Thus, to convert from units of Fahrenheit to units of Celsius, one subtracts 32 °F (the offset from the point of reference), divides by 9 °F and multiplies by 5 °C (scales by the ratio of units), and adds 0 °C (the offset from the point of reference).
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t-f t f: 1.0 t f (9.8 kN; 0.98 LT f; 1.1 ST f) tf tf kilogram-force: kg-f kg f: 1.0 kg f (9.8 N; 2.2 lb f) kgf kgf gram-force: g-f g f: 1.0 g f (9.8 mN; 0.035 oz f) gf gf milligram-force: mg-f mg f: 1.0 mg f (9.8 μN; 0.015 gr f) mgf mgf Avoirdupois-based units: poundal: pdl pdl 1.0 pdl (0.14 N) long ton-force: LT-f LT f: 1.0 LT f (10.0 kN) LT ...
Pa⋅s ≡ N⋅s/m 2, kg/(m⋅s) = 1 Pa⋅s poise : P ≡ 1 barye⋅s = 0.1 Pa⋅s pound per foot hour: lb/(ft⋅h) ≡ 1 lb/(ft⋅h) ≈ 4.133 789 × 10 −4 Pa⋅s: pound per foot second: lb/(ft⋅s) ≡ 1 lb/(ft⋅s) ≈ 1.488 164 Pa⋅s: pound-force second per square foot: lbf⋅s/ft 2: ≡ 1 lbf⋅s/ft 2: ≈ 47.880 26 Pa⋅s
Pressure is measured in the SI unit of pascals (Pa). Average ground pressure can be calculated using the standard formula for average pressure: P = F / A . [ 2 ] In an idealised case, i.e. a static , uniform net force normal to level ground, this is simply the object's weight divided by contact area.
Since 1982, STP has been defined as a temperature of 273.15 K (0 °C, 32 °F) and an absolute pressure of exactly 1 bar (100 kPa, 10 5 Pa). NIST uses a temperature of 20 °C (293.15 K, 68 °F) and an absolute pressure of 1 atm (14.696 psi, 101.325 kPa). [3] This standard is also called normal temperature and pressure (abbreviated as NTP).