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In combustion physics, fuel mass fraction is the ratio of fuel mass flow to the total mass flow of a fuel mixture. If an air flow is fuel free, the fuel mass fraction is zero; in pure fuel without trapped gases, the ratio is unity. [1] As fuel is burned in a combustion process, the fuel mass fraction is reduced. The definition reads as = where ...
E85, a mixture of 85% ethanol and ~15% gasoline, is generally the highest ethanol fuel mixture found in the United States and several European countries, particularly in Sweden, as this blend is the standard fuel for flexible-fuel vehicles. This mixture has an octane rating of 108, however, the Ethanol molecule also carries with it an oxygen ...
Emulsified fuels are a type of emulsion that combines water with a combustible liquid, such as oil or fuel. An emulsion is a specialized form of dispersion that contains both a continuous phase and a dispersed phase. The most commonly utilized emulsified fuel is a water-in-diesel emulsion (also known as hydrodiesel). [1]
A breathing gas is a mixture of gaseous chemical elements and compounds used for respiration. The essential component for any breathing gas is a partial pressure of oxygen of between roughly 0.16 and 1.60 bar at the ambient pressure. The oxygen is usually the only metabolically active component unless the gas is an anaesthetic mixture.
Petroleum naphtha is an intermediate hydrocarbon liquid stream derived from the refining of crude oil [1] [2] [3] with CAS-no 64742-48-9. [4] It is most usually desulfurized and then catalytically reformed, which rearranges or restructures the hydrocarbon molecules in the naphtha as well as breaking some of the molecules into smaller molecules to produce a high-octane component of gasoline (or ...
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Air-fuel ratio is the ratio between the mass of air and the mass of fuel in the air-fuel mix at any given moment. The mass is the mass of all constituents that compose the air or fuel, whether they take part in the combustion or not. For example, a calculation of the mass of natural gas as fuel — which often contains carbon dioxide (CO 2 ...
Fuel additives in the United States are regulated under section 211 of the Clean Air Act (as amended in January 1995). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires the registration of all fuel additives which are commercially distributed for use in highway motor vehicles in the United States, [8] and may require testing and ban harmful additives.