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  2. Nuchal scan - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuchal_scan

    How to define a normal or abnormal nuchal translucency measurement can be difficult. The use of a single millimeter cutoff (such as 2.5 or 3.0 mm) is inappropriate because nuchal translucency measurements normally increases with gestational age (by approximately 15% to 20% per gestational week from 10 to 13 weeks). [10]

  3. Obstetric ultrasonography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetric_ultrasonography

    Perhaps the most common such test uses a measurement of the nuchal translucency thickness ("NT-test", or "Nuchal Scan"). Although 91% of fetuses affected by Down syndrome exhibit this defect, 5% of fetuses flagged by the test do not have Down syndrome. Ultrasound may also detect fetal organ anomaly.

  4. Prenatal testing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_testing

    First-trimester maternal serum screening can check levels of free β-hCG, PAPP-A, intact or beta hCG, or h-hCG in the woman's serum, and combine these with the measurement of nuchal translucency (NT). Some institutions also look for the presence of a fetal nasalbone on the ultrasound.

  5. Kypros Nicolaides - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kypros_Nicolaides

    He is also the Founder and Chairman of the UK Charity, the Fetal Medicine Foundation, which he set up in 1995. [6] The main source of income of the Charity is a private clinic, and the Fetal Medicine Foundation has donated more than £45 million to finance the training of doctors from around the world and to carry out major multi-centre ...

  6. Alpha-fetoprotein - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-fetoprotein

    The normal range of AFP for adults and children is variously reported as under 50, under 10, or under 5 ng/mL. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] At birth, normal infants have AFP levels four or more orders of magnitude above this normal range, that decreases to a normal range over the first year of life.

  7. Reference ranges for blood tests - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_ranges_for_blood...

    This may also be called standard range. In contrast, optimal (health) range or therapeutic target is a reference range or limit that is based on concentrations or levels that are associated with optimal health or minimal risk of related complications and diseases. For most substances presented, the optimal levels are the ones normally found in ...

  8. Half of US adults exposed to harmful lead levels as kids - AOL

    www.aol.com/news/half-us-adults-exposed-harmful...

    Over 170 million U.S.-born people who were adults in 2015 were exposed to harmful levels of lead as children, a new study estimates. Researchers used blood-lead level, census and leaded gasoline ...

  9. Fetal scalp blood testing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_scalp_blood_testing

    The use of fetal scalp blood testing originated in Germany in 1961 and required 0.25 mL of blood drawn from the fetus. [1] As one of the first methods of monitoring fetal wellbeing during labor, there were many disadvantages including the need for at least 3 cm dilation of the mother and extreme precision from the physician performing the procedure. [9]