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Once the egg is fertilized, abnormal sperm morphology does not appear to influence blastocyst development or blastocyst morphology. [6] Even with severe teratozoospermia, microscopy can still detect the few sperm cells that have a "normal" morphology, allowing for optimal success rate. [6]
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI / ˈ ɪ k s i / IK-see) is an in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedure in which a single sperm cell is injected directly into the cytoplasm of an egg. This technique is used in order to prepare the gametes for the obtention of embryos that may be transferred to a maternal uterus.
The intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection (IMSI) is a laboratory technique used for In vitro fertilisation treatments. High-quality sperms are injected into the egg for fertilization , it is an advanced version of ICSI .
The volume of the semen sample (must be more than 1.5 ml), approximate number of total sperm cells, sperm motility/forward progression, and % of sperm with normal morphology are measured. It is possible to have hyperspermia (high volume more than 6 ml) or Hypospermia (low volume less than 0.5 ml). This is the most common type of fertility testing.
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a process of fertilization in which an egg is combined with sperm in vitro ("in glass"). The process involves monitoring and stimulating a woman's ovulatory process, then removing an ovum or ova (egg or eggs) from her ovaries and enabling a man's sperm to fertilise them in a culture medium in a laboratory.
Furthermore, hyperthyroidism, an excess of thyroid hormones, has been associated with reduced semen volume, reduced sperm density, motility, and morphology. Studies in humans show that an excess of circulating thyroid hormones during thyrotoxicosis results in asthenozoospermia , oligozoospermia , and teratozoospermia .
Infertility associated with viable, but immotile sperm may be caused by primary ciliary dyskinesia. The sperm must provide the zygote with DNA, centrioles, and activation factor for the embryo to develop. A defect in any of these sperm structures may result in infertility that will not be detected by semen analysis. [74]
Calcium ionophore treatment is used to artificially activate the oocyte. This treatment may be necessary as globozoospermic sperm can be less likely to activate the oocyte, an important stage in fertilisation. [10] The treatment options currently available focus on overcoming the prognosis of infertility which is associated with globozoospermia.