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This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 17 February 2025. The following is a list of mental disorders as defined at any point by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). A mental disorder, also known as a mental illness, mental health condition, or psychiatric ...
An emotional or behavioral disability is a disability that impacts a person's ability to effectively recognize, interpret, control, and express fundamental emotions. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004 characterizes the group of disabilities as Emotional Disturbance (ED). This term is controversial, as it is seen by some as ...
In many countries, disabled people were seen as an embarrassment to society, often facing punishments of torture and even execution. [18] In the US, after the creation of the 1990 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and many other regulations, students with disabilities could not be excluded or discriminated against in the education system.
Note: This category's interpretation of disability is quite broad, and may include people with medical conditions that may not typically be considered disabled. See also Category:People with disabilities .
The medical model of disability carries with it a negative connotation, with negative labels associated with disabled people. [2] The social model of disability seeks to challenge power imbalances within society between differently-abled people and seeks to redefine what disability means as a diverse expression of human life. [3]
This list also includes updates featured in the text revision of the DSM-IV, the DSM-IV-TR, released in July 2000. [2] Similar to the DSM-III-R, the DSM-IV-TR was created to bridge the gap between the DSM-IV and the next major release, then named DSM-V (eventually titled DSM-5). [3] The DSM-IV-TR contains expanded descriptions of disorders.
Incentive salience is a cognitive process that grants a "desire" or "want" attribute, which includes a motivational component to a rewarding stimulus. [1] [2] [3] [9] Reward is the attractive and motivational property of a stimulus that induces appetitive behavior – also known as approach behavior – and consummatory behavior. [3]
For example, individual prizes as incentives cater towards more individualistic societies, whereas rewards that can be shared amongst an in-group are more suited to collectivist cultures. [ 21 ] Cultural value systems are also important to consider when incentivizing individuals, as certain forms of incentives may be more suited than others.