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The cardiovascular system responds to changing demands on the body by adjusting cardiac output, blood flow, and blood pressure. Cardiac output is defined as the product of heart rate and stroke volume which represents the volume of blood being pumped by the heart each minute. Cardiac output increases during physical activity due to an increase ...
Heart Rate is typically used as a measure of exercise intensity. [2] Heart rate can be an indicator of the challenge to the cardiovascular system that the exercise represents. The most precise measure of intensity is oxygen consumption (VO 2). VO 2 represents the overall metabolic challenge that an exercise imposes.
[citation needed] The heart rate formula most often used for the Bruce is the Karvonen formula (below). A more accurate formula, offered in a study published in the journal, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, is 206.9 - (0.67 x age) which can also be used to more accurately determine VO2 Max, but may produce significantly different results.
Cardiovascular fitness is a component of physical fitness, which refers to a person's ability to deliver oxygen to the working muscles, including the heart.Cardiovascular fitness is improved by sustained physical activity (see also Endurance Training) and is affected by many physiological parameters, including cardiac output (determined by heart rate multiplied by stroke volume), vascular ...
The metabolic equivalent of task (MET) is the objective measure of the ratio of the rate at which a person expends energy, relative to the mass of that person, while performing some specific physical activity compared to a reference, currently set by convention at an absolute 3.5 mL of oxygen per kg per minute, which is the energy expended when sitting quietly by a reference individual, chosen ...
Trained endurance athletes can have resting heart rates as low as a reported 28 beats per minute (Miguel Indurain) or 32 beats per minute (Lance Armstrong), [5] both of whom were professional cyclists at the highest level. Aerobic conditioning makes the heart and lungs pump blood more efficiently, delivering more oxygen to muscles and organs. [6]
A long-term study highlights the benefits of building your endurance as soon as you can, as better cardiorespiratory fitness is linked to lower cancer risk. Solid Cardiorespiratory Fitness Lowers ...
Aerobic exercise has long been a popular approach to achieving weight loss and physical fitness, often taking a commercial form. In the 1970s, Judi Sheppard Missett helped create the market for commercial aerobics with her Jazzercise program, [ 55 ] at the same time as Jacki Sorensen was expanding her system of aerobic dancing.