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Thermodynamic work is one of the principal kinds of process by which a thermodynamic system can interact with and transfer energy to its surroundings. This results in externally measurable macroscopic forces on the system's surroundings, which can cause mechanical work, to lift a weight, for example, [1] or cause changes in electromagnetic, [2] [3] [4] or gravitational [5] variables.
A thermodynamic system is a body of matter and/or radiation separate from its surroundings that can be studied using the laws of ... the work done by the system. For ...
When a system expands in an isobaric process, the thermodynamic work, , done by the system on the surroundings is the product, , of system pressure, , and system volume change, , whereas is said to be the thermodynamic work done on the system by the surroundings. The change in internal energy of the system is:
The first law of thermodynamics in a closed system provides = +, where is the internal energy, is the energy added as heat, and is the work done on the system. The second law of thermodynamics for a reversible process yields δ Q = T d S {\displaystyle \delta Q=T\,\mathrm {d} S} .
The first law of thermodynamics states: In a process without transfer of matter, the change in internal energy,, of a thermodynamic system is equal to the energy gained as heat,, less the thermodynamic work,, done by the system on its surroundings. [33] [nb 1]
The net work equals the area inside because it is (a) the Riemann sum of work done on the substance due to expansion, minus (b) the work done to re-compress. Because the net variation in state properties during a thermodynamic cycle is zero, it forms a closed loop on a P-V diagram.
For the process to be natural, either (a) work must be done on the system at a finite rate, so that the internal energy of the system increases; the entropy of the system increases even though it is thermally insulated; or (b) the system must do work on the surroundings, which then suffer increase of entropy, as well as gaining energy from the ...
In thermodynamics, the thermodynamic free energy is one of the state functions of a thermodynamic system. The change in the free energy is the maximum amount of work that the system can perform in a process at constant temperature , and its sign indicates whether the process is thermodynamically favorable or forbidden.