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When two drugs affect each other, it is a drug–drug interaction (DDI). The risk of a DDI increases with the number of drugs used. [1] A large share of elderly people regularly use five or more medications or supplements, with a significant risk of side-effects from drug–drug interactions. [2] Drug interactions can be of three kinds:
If the combination of two drugs in combination therapy has an effect lower than the sum of the effects of the two drugs acting independently, also known as antagonistic effect, the drugs will seldom be prescribed together in the same therapy. Drug or chemical combinations with additive effects can cause adverse effects.
When a new drug is prescribed, the risk of interactions increases exponentially. Doctors and pharmacists aim to avoid prescribing medications that interact; often, adjustments in the dose of medications need to be made to avoid interactions. For example, warfarin interacts with many medications and supplements that can cause it to lose its effect.
Combining GLP-1 drugs like Ozempic with SGLT2 diabetes medications may help reduce the risk of heart attacks, stroke, and kidney disease, new research suggests.
Cross-tolerance is a phenomenon that occurs when tolerance to the effects of a certain drug produces tolerance to another drug. It often happens between two drugs with similar functions or effects—for example, acting on the same cell receptor or affecting the transmission of certain neurotransmitters.
Type A: augmented pharmacological effects, which are dose-dependent and predictable [5]; Type A reactions, which constitute approximately 80% of adverse drug reactions, are usually a consequence of the drug's primary pharmacological effect (e.g., bleeding when using the anticoagulant warfarin) or a low therapeutic index of the drug (e.g., nausea from digoxin), and they are therefore predictable.
In a ligand-receptor interaction, the ligand binds with the receptors to form a drug-receptor complex, producing a biological response. [3] [4] The biological nature of receptors can be enzymes, nucleic acids or cellular proteins. Common types of receptors include G-protein coupled receptors, nuclear receptors and ion channels. [4]
Here's More Evidence That Common Drugs May Cause Cognition Issues. If you've ever popped a Benadryl or two to sleep through a long flight (or even just a regular night), you can pretty much count ...