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Linear multistep methods are used for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations. Conceptually, a numerical method starts from an initial point and then takes a short step forward in time to find the next solution point.
General linear methods (GLMs) are a large class of numerical methods used to obtain numerical solutions to ordinary differential equations. They include multistage Runge–Kutta methods that use intermediate collocation points , as well as linear multistep methods that save a finite time history of the solution.
Explicit examples from the linear multistep family include the Adams–Bashforth methods, and any Runge–Kutta method with a lower diagonal Butcher tableau is explicit. A loose rule of thumb dictates that stiff differential equations require the use of implicit schemes, whereas non-stiff problems can be solved more efficiently with explicit ...
Numerov's method (also called Cowell's method) is a numerical method to solve ordinary differential equations of second order in which the first-order term does not appear. It is a fourth-order linear multistep method. The method is implicit, but can be made explicit if the differential equation is linear.
A linear multistep method is zero-stable if all roots of the characteristic equation that arises on applying the method to ′ = have magnitude less than or equal to unity, and that all roots with unit magnitude are simple. [2]
The second row is the same generator with a seed of 3, which produces a cycle of length 2. Using a = 4 and c = 1 (bottom row) gives a cycle length of 9 with any seed in [0, 8]. A linear congruential generator (LCG) is an algorithm that yields a sequence of pseudo-randomized numbers calculated with a discontinuous piecewise linear equation.
The backward differentiation formula (BDF) is a family of implicit methods for the numerical integration of ordinary differential equations.They are linear multistep methods that, for a given function and time, approximate the derivative of that function using information from already computed time points, thereby increasing the accuracy of the approximation.
Costate equations — equation for the "Lagrange multipliers" in Pontryagin's minimum principle; Hamiltonian (control theory) — minimum principle says that this function should be minimized; Types of problems: Linear-quadratic regulator — system dynamics is a linear differential equation, objective is quadratic