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First-surface mirrors are now made for applications requiring a strict reflection without a ghosting effect as seen with a second-surface mirror, where a faint secondary reflection could be observed, coming from the front surface of the glass. This includes most optics applications where light is being manipulated in a specific manner.
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A mirror reflecting the image of a vase A first-surface mirror coated with aluminium and enhanced with dielectric coatings. The angle of the incident light (represented by both the light in the mirror and the shadow behind it) exactly matches the angle of reflection (the reflected light shining on the table). 4.5-metre (15 ft)-tall acoustic mirror near Kilnsea Grange, East Yorkshire, UK, from ...
When glass mirrors first gained widespread usage in Europe during the 16th century, most were silvered with an amalgam of tin and mercury, [6] In 1835 German chemist Justus von Liebig developed a process for depositing silver on the rear surface of a piece of glass; this technique gained wide acceptance after Liebig improved it in 1856.
They are first-surface mirrors, where the immediate bronze surface is flat, plain and highly polished to be reflective, rather than second-surface mirrors, like modern glass mirrors, where the reflection comes from a backing applied to the glass. Maid holding folding mirror for her mistress, Greece, c. 100 BCE
In contrast to household mirrors, where the reflecting metal layer is coated on the back of a glass pane and covered with a protective varnish, precision optical equipment like telescopes needs first surface mirrors that can be ground and polished into complex shapes such as parabolic reflectors. For nearly 200 years speculum metal was the only ...
A λ/20 optical flat that has been coated with aluminum, making a first-surface mirror Two optical flats tested using 589 nm laser-light. At 2 inches (5.1 cm) in diameter and 0.5 inches (13 mm) thick, both surfaces are flat to within 1/10 of the wavelength of the light (58.9 nm), as indicated by the perfectly straight fringes.
However, first-surface mirrors set at an angle of exactly 90° can be made with an almost invisible joint. The Museum of Illusions refers to this type of mirror as an "antigravity mirror" because as it rotates once around the line-of-sight axis, the reflected image rotates twice, appearing upside-down when the joint is horizontal.