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A protease (also called a peptidase, proteinase, or proteolytic enzyme) [1] is an enzyme that catalyzes proteolysis, breaking down proteins into smaller polypeptides or single amino acids, and spurring the formation of new protein products. [2] They do this by cleaving the peptide bonds within proteins by hydrolysis, a reaction where water ...
Aspartic proteases (also "aspartyl proteases", "aspartic endopeptidases") are a catalytic type of protease enzymes that use an activated water molecule bound to one or more aspartate residues for catalysis of their peptide substrates.
The hydrolysis of a protein (red) by the nucleophilic attack of water (blue). The uncatalysed half-life is several hundred years. The uncatalysed half-life is several hundred years. Proteolysis is the breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids .
HIV protease belongs to aspartic protease family and has a similar mechanism. Firstly the aspartate residue activates a water molecule and turns it into a nucleophile . Then it attacks the carbonyl group within the peptide bond (NH-CO) to form a tetrahedral intermediate.
Although calcium ions do not affect the enzyme activity, they do contribute to its stability. Proteins will be completely digested if the incubation time is long and the protease concentration high enough. Upon removal of the calcium ions, the stability of the enzyme is reduced, but the proteolytic activity remains. [6]
[d] The triad acts similarly to serine protease triads, with a few notable differences. Due to cysteine's low pK a, the importance of the Asp to catalysis varies and several cysteine proteases are effectively Cys-His dyads (e.g. hepatitis A virus protease), whilst in others the cysteine is already deprotonated before catalysis begins (e.g ...
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The protease is activated by removal of an inhibitory segment or protein. Activation occurs once the protease is delivered to a specific intracellular compartment (for example the lysosome) or extracellular environment (for example the stomach). This system prevents the cell that produces the protease from being damaged by it.