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In the Spanish language there are some verbs with irregular past participles. There are also verbs with both regular and irregular participles, in which the irregular form is most used as an adjective , while the regular form tends to appear after haber to form compound perfect tenses.
For other irregular verbs and their common patterns, see the article on Spanish irregular verbs. The tables include only the "simple" tenses (that is, those formed with a single word), and not the "compound" tenses (those formed with an auxiliary verb plus a non-finite form of the main verb), such as the progressive, perfect, and passive voice.
Vowel raising appears only in verbs of the third conjugation (-ir verbs), and in this group it affects dormir, morir, podrir (alternative of the more common pudrir) and nearly all verbs which have -e-as their last stem vowel (e.g. sentir, repetir); exceptions include cernir, discernir and concernir (all three diphthongizing, e-ie).
Mi padre estará llegando mañana = "My father will be arriving tomorrow" Mi padre va a llegar mañana = "My father is going to arrive tomorrow" (future with ir) Mi padre llegará mañana = "My father will arrive tomorrow" (future tense) Mi padre está a punto de llegar = "My father is about to arrive" (immediate future with estar a punto)
The Spanish conjunctions y ('and') and o ('or') alter their form in both spoken and written language to e and u respectively when followed by an identical vowel sound. Thus, padre e hijo ('father and son'), Fernando e Isabel ('Ferdinand and Isabella'), sujeto u objeto ('subject or object'), vertical u horizontal ('vertical or horizontal').
La estandarización y el regionalismo en el voseo del español argentino (in Spanish) Roca, Luis Alberto (2007). Breve historia del habla cruceña y su mestizaje (in Spanish) Rosenblat, Ángel (2000). El castellano en Venezuela (in Spanish) Toursinov, Antón (2005). Formas pronominales de tratamiento en el español actual de Guatemala
The auxiliary language Interlingua has some irregular verbs, principally esser "to be", which has an irregular present tense form es "is" (instead of expected esse), an optional plural son "are", an optional irregular past tense era "was/were" (alongside regular esseva), and a unique subjunctive form sia (which can also function as an imperative).
The irregular form tends to indicate duration, whereas the regular form often describes a short-term action (The fire burned for weeks. vs. He burnt his finger. ), and in American English, the regular form is associated with the literal sense of a verb, while the irregular form with a figurative one.