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Germ theory denialism is the pseudoscientific belief that germs do not cause infectious disease, and that the germ theory of disease is wrong. [1] It usually involves arguing that Louis Pasteur's model of infectious disease was wrong, and that Antoine Béchamp's was right.
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Pseudoscience rejects empirical methodology. [1] Other conditions may be rejected or contested by orthodox medicine, but are not necessarily associated with pseudoscience. Diagnostic criteria for some of these conditions may be vague, over-inclusive, or otherwise ill-defined.
Selected pages scanned from the original work. US National Library of Medicine. Jean-Claude Vimont: Phrénologie à Rouen, les moulages du musée Flaubert d'histoire de la médecine; Phrenology: History of a Classic Pseudoscience – by Steven Novella MD; The Skeptic's Dictionary by Robert Todd Carroll
Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time. New York: Holt Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-8050-7089-7. Wilson F. (2000). The Logic and Methodology of Science and Pseudoscience. Canadian Scholars Press. ISBN 978-1-55130-175-4. Wolpert, Lewis (1994). The Unnatural Nature of Science. Vol. 341.
It is closely associated with skeptical investigation or rational inquiry of controversial topics (compare list of topics characterized as pseudoscience) such as U.F.O.s, claimed paranormal phenomena, cryptids, conspiracy theories, alternative medicine, religion, or exploratory or fringe areas of scientific or pseudoscientific research. [32]
Psychics and holistic medicine practitioners often claim to have the ability to see the size, color and type of vibration of an aura. [528] In New Age alternative medicine, the human aura is seen as a hidden anatomy that affects the health of a client, and is often understood to be composed of centers of vital force called chakra. [526]
Fringe science refers to ideas whose attributes include being highly speculative or relying on premises already refuted. [1] Fringe science theories are often advanced by people who have no traditional academic science background, or by researchers outside the mainstream discipline.