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The discipline seeks to explain behavior as a product of natural selection. Behavior is therefore seen as an effort to preserve one's genes in the population. Inherent in sociobiological reasoning is the idea that certain genes or gene combinations that influence particular behavioral traits can be inherited from generation to generation. [5]
(One example of this is money because it is paired with many other reinforcers). [14]: 83 In reinforcer sampling, a potentially reinforcing but unfamiliar stimulus is presented to an organism without regard to any prior behavior. Socially-mediated reinforcement involves the delivery of reinforcement that requires the behavior of another organism.
Everything that organisms do is behavior (including thinking), and; All behavior is lawful and open to experimental analysis. Central to operant conditioning is the use of a Three-Term Contingency (Discriminative Stimulus, Response, Reinforcing Stimulus) to describe functional relationships in the control of behavior.
Context stimuli may come to control behavior as do discriminative stimuli, though usually more weakly. Behaviors learned in one context may be absent, or altered, in another. This may cause difficulties for behavioral therapy, because behaviors learned in the therapeutic setting may fail to occur in other situations.
Olive baboons grooming. In biology, altruism refers to behaviour by an individual that increases the fitness of another individual while decreasing their own. [1] Altruism in this sense is different from the philosophical concept of altruism, in which an action would only be called "altruistic" if it was done with the conscious intention of helping another.
To determine the optimum time spent on a behavior, one can make a graph showing how benefits and costs change with behavior. Optimality is defined as the point where the difference between benefits and costs for a behavior is maximized, which can be done by graphing the benefits and costs on the y-axis and a measure of the behavior on the x-axis.
Enactivism is a position in cognitive science that argues that cognition arises through a dynamic interaction between an acting organism and its environment. [1] It claims that the environment of an organism is brought about, or enacted, by the active exercise of that organism's sensorimotor processes.
The brain is able to overcome negative feedback in these localized systems and continuously evaluate the body's internal set-points. By doing so, the body can regulate its resources and energy storage efficiently. Another key component of allostasis is the brain's perception and subsequent adaptation to chronic stress.