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The C standard distinguishes between multibyte encodings of characters, which use a fixed or variable number of bytes to represent each character (primarily used in source code and external files), from wide characters, which are run-time representations of characters in single objects (typically, greater than 8 bits).
[1] [a] Most common variable-width encodings are multibyte encodings (aka MBCS – multi-byte character set), which use varying numbers of bytes to encode different characters. (Some authors, notably in Microsoft documentation, use the term multibyte character set, which is a misnomer , because representation size is an attribute of the ...
Technically, LMBCS is a lead-byte encoding where code point 00 hex as well as code points 20 hex (32) to 7F hex (127) are identical to ASCII [1] (as well as to LICS). [5]Code point 00 hex is always treated as NUL character to ensure maximum code compatibility with existing software libraries dealing with null-terminated strings [1] in many programming languages such as C.
In newer C standards char is required to hold UTF-8 code units [6] [7] which requires a minimum size of 8 bits. A Unicode code point may require as many as 21 bits. [ 9 ] This will not fit in a char on most systems, so more than one is used for some of them, as in the variable-length encoding UTF-8 where each code point takes 1 to 4 bytes.
The C language specification includes the typedef s size_t and ptrdiff_t to represent memory-related quantities. Their size is defined according to the target processor's arithmetic capabilities, not the memory capabilities, such as available address space. Both of these types are defined in the <stddef.h> header (cstddef in C++).
UTF-16 (16-bit Unicode Transformation Format) is a character encoding method capable of encoding all 1,112,064 valid code points of Unicode. [a] The encoding is variable-length as code points are encoded with one or two 16-bit code units.
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Current Windows versions and all back to Windows XP and prior Windows NT (3.x, 4.0) are shipped with system libraries that support string encoding of two types: 16-bit "Unicode" (UTF-16 since Windows 2000) and a (sometimes multibyte) encoding called the "code page" (or incorrectly referred to as ANSI code page). 16-bit functions have names suffixed with 'W' (from "wide") such as SetWindowTextW.