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Maintenance respiration in plants refers to the amount of cellular respiration, measured by the carbon dioxide (CO 2) released or oxygen (O 2) consumed, during the generation of usable energy (mainly ATP, NADPH, and NADH) and metabolic intermediates used for (i) resynthesis of compounds that undergo renewal (turnover) in the normal process of metabolism (examples are enzymatic proteins ...
The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate-level phosphorylation, which does not require oxygen. Fermentation is less efficient at using the energy from glucose: only 2 ATP are produced per glucose, compared to the 38 ATP per glucose nominally produced by aerobic respiration. Glycolytic ATP, however, is produced more quickly.
ATP + pyruvate + phosphate AMP + phosphoenolpyruvate + diphosphate This enzyme has been studied primarily in plants, but it has been studied in some bacteria as well. [ 1 ] It is a key enzyme in gluconeogenesis and photosynthesis that is responsible for reversing the reaction performed by pyruvate kinase in Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas glycolysis.
For example, the light reaction creates ATP and NADPH energy molecules, which C 3 plants can use for carbon fixation or photorespiration. [44] Electrons may also flow to other electron sinks. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] For this reason, it is not uncommon for authors to differentiate between work done under non-photorespiratory conditions and under ...
The freed energy is stored as potential energy in ATP, carbohydrates, or proteins. Eventually, the energy is used for life processes such as moving, growth and reproduction. Plants and some bacteria can alternate between phototrophy and chemotrophy, depending on the availability of light.
Bioenergetics is a field in biochemistry and cell biology that concerns energy flow through living systems. [1] This is an active area of biological research that includes the study of the transformation of energy in living organisms and the study of thousands of different cellular processes such as cellular respiration and the many other metabolic and enzymatic processes that lead to ...
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The structure of the intact ATP synthase is currently known at low-resolution from electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) studies of the complex. The cryo-EM model of ATP synthase suggests that the peripheral stalk is a flexible structure that wraps around the complex as it joins F 1 to F O.