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Hypertensive crisis; Other names: Malignant hypertension, accelerated hypertension: A systolic hypertensive crisis as measured on a home automated arm blood pressure monitor, showing an extremely elevated systolic blood pressure of 227, a mildly elevated diastolic blood pressure of 93 and a very fast tachycardic heart rate of 162 beats per minute.
The incidence peaks between the fourth and the seventh decades of life and 80% of people have a history of hypertension. [25] [additional citation(s) needed] A 2018 meta-analysis identified 36 studies of prevalent stroke (1.9 million participants) and 12 studies of incident stroke (1.3 million participants). [13]
Commonly, ischemic heart attack and stroke are the causes that lead to death in patients with severe hypertension. It is estimated that for every 20 mm Hg systolic or 10 mm Hg diastolic increase in blood pressures above 115/75 mm Hg, the mortality rate for both ischemic heart disease, cancer and stroke doubles. [citation needed]
Hypertensive encephalopathy is most commonly encountered in young and middle-aged people who have hypertension. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Overall, the condition is rare even among people with hypertension. Studies report that from 0.5 to 15% of people with malignant hypertension develop hypertensive encephalopathy.
Congenital diseases are medical conditions that are present at birth that may be associated with or inherited through genes. [16] Examples of congenital cerebrovascular diseases include arteriovenous malformations, germinal matrix hemorrhage, and CADASIL (cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy). [9]
The modern history of hypertension begins with the understanding of the cardiovascular system based on the work of physician William Harvey (1578–1657), who described the circulation of blood in his book De motu cordis. The English clergyman Stephen Hales made the first published measurement of blood pressure in 1733.
Adoption of ICD-10-CM was slow in the United States. Since 1979, the US had required ICD-9-CM codes [11] for Medicare and Medicaid claims, and most of the rest of the American medical industry followed suit. On 1 January 1999 the ICD-10 (without clinical extensions) was adopted for reporting mortality, but ICD-9-CM was still used for morbidity ...
Benign hypertension or benign essential hypertension are medical terms now considered obsolete, but once used to describe mild to moderate hypertension (high blood pressure). These historical terms are considered misleading, [1] as hypertension is never benign. Coonsequently, the terms have fallen out of use (see history of hypertension).