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Termination of PSVT following adenosine administration. Adenosine, an ultra-short-acting AV nodal blocking agent, is indicated if vagal maneuvers are not effective. [17] If unsuccessful or the PSVT recurs, calcium channel blockers, such as diltiazem or verapamil, are recommended. [4] Adenosine may be safely used during pregnancy. [18]
Caffeine is usually held 24 hours prior to an adenosine stress test, as it is a competitive antagonist of the A2A adenosine receptor and can attenuate the vasodilatory effects adenosine. [citation needed] Aminophylline may be used to attenuate severe and/or persistent adverse reactions to adenosine and regadenoson. [39]
The recommended dose is also reduced by half in patients presenting congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, shock, hypoxia, and/or chronic liver disease or chronic kidney disease, and in elderly patients.
Caffeine keeps you awake by blocking adenosine receptors. Each type of adenosine receptor has different functions, although with some overlap. [3] For instance, both A 1 receptors and A 2A play roles in the heart, regulating myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow, while the A 2A receptor also has broader anti-inflammatory effects throughout the body. [4]
There are currently four types of adenosine receptors found in the heart. [19] After binding onto a specific purinergic receptor, adenosine causes a negative chronotropic effect due to its influence on cardiac pacemakers. It also causes a negative dromotropic effect through the inhibition of AV-nodal conduction. [20]
A normal resting heart rate is 60 to 100 beats per minute. A resting heart rate of more than 100 beats per minute is defined as a tachycardia. During an episode of SVT, the heart beats about 150 to 220 times per minute. [9] Specific treatment depends on the type of SVT [5] and can include medications, medical procedures, or surgery. [5]
The adenosine A2A receptor has also been shown to play a regulatory role in the adaptive immune system. In this role, it functions similarly to programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic t-lymphocyte associated protein-4 ( CTLA-4 ) receptors, namely to suppress immunologic response and prevent associated tissue damage.
Class of antihypertensives that work by causing relaxation of blood vessels as well as a decrease in blood volume, which leads to lower blood pressure and decreased oxygen demand from the heart. [1] Benazepril; Captopril; Enalapril; Fosinopril; Lisinopril; Moexipril; Perindopril; Quinapril; Ramipril; Trandolapril
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