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Tobacco smoking during pregnancy causes many detrimental effects on health and reproduction, in addition to the general health effects of tobacco.A number of studies have shown that tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers, and that it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the foetus.
Nicotine itself could be at least partly responsible for many of the adverse after birth health results related to cigarette use while the mother was pregnant. [40] There is evidence that nicotine negatively affects fetal brain development and pregnancy outcomes. [42] There is also risk of stillbirth and pre-term birth. [43]
Women who have diabetes mellitus may still need intensive therapy with insulin to prevent complications to the mother and baby. Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that is first diagnosed during pregnancy and can accordingly cause high blood sugar that affects the woman and the baby. [9]
Mild nicotine withdrawal symptoms are measurable in unrestricted smokers, who experience normal moods only as their blood nicotine levels peak, with each cigarette. [35] On quitting, withdrawal symptoms worsen sharply, then gradually improve to a normal state. [35] Nicotine use as a tool for quitting smoking has a good safety history. [36]
Substance examples of long term effects as follows: Alcohol exposure has shown it could lead to poor growth. Tobacco exposure can make it more likely to get obese. Alcohol, nicotine, and opiate exposure have shown to lead to attention deficits. Nicotine and alcohol exposure affect learning and memory.
In nicotine-dependent smokers, quitting smoking can lead to nicotine withdrawal symptoms such as nicotine cravings, anxiety, irritability, depression, and weight gain. [23]: 2298 Professional smoking cessation support methods generally attempt to address nicotine withdrawal symptoms to help the person break free of nicotine addiction.
Nicotine promotes the growth of blood vessels, which can supply tumors and speed tumor growth. [76] As of 2015, long-term vaping had not been assessed for malignancy in individuals with a susceptibility for tumor growth. [138] The effects of nicotine on the sympathoadrenal system could stimulate growth in cancers already present. [221]
A National Institute on Drug Abuse video entitled Anyone Can Become Addicted to Drugs. [21]Nicotine dependence is defined as a neurobiological adaptation to repeated drug exposure that is manifested by highly controlled or compulsive use, the development of tolerance, experiencing withdrawal symptoms upon cessation including cravings, and an inability to quit despite harmful effects. [9]