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Some later Sufis, such as Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (1703–1762), tried to reconcile the doctrines of waḥdat al-wujūd (unity of being) of Ibn Arabi and waḥdat al-shuhūd (unity in conscience) of Sirhindi by downplaying the differences between the two as being based more on terminology than substance. [19]
There have been many Akbari Sufis, metaphysicians and philosophers. While Ibn Arabi never founded a Tarikah himself, [3] he created a majority of the philosophy around it with his Wahdat al-Wujud. The Sufis listed below were members of different orders, but following the concept of Wahdat al-Wujud.
Ibn Arabi is initiated into religious experience by a spiritual woman called Nizham, a young Persian woman whose name means "Harmony". He quotes the poems of the writer Rabia of Basra , who according to him is "the most prestigious interpreter" of love. [ 8 ]
Central themes of Ibn 'Arabi's were the unity of all beings, or “wahdat al-wujud,” and also how God reflects God's self in the world. [30] According to Ibn ‘Arabi, the main practices of Andalusi Sufis included ascesis, poverty, and devotion to the Qur’an. [ 31 ]
Muhibullah followed the teachings of Ibn Arabi (1165–1240), the great Sufi poet and mystic from Andalusia, and was himself called Shaikh-e Kabir (the great master). [8] Ibn Arabi had formulated the most advanced formulation of the Tawhid wajudi (Wahdat al-Wujud) doctrine, a fundamental Sufist doctrine.
Ibn 'Arabi is known for being the first person to explicitly delineate the concept of "wahdat al-wujud" ("Unity of Being"), a monist doctrine which claimed that all things in the universe are manifestations of a singular "reality".
Wajd and Wujud can be better understood in terms of tawhid as well. Tawhid (or doctrine of Oneness of God) is described as a beginning and wujud as an end, with wajd being an intermediary between the two. Abu 'Ali ad-Daqqaq further explains: "Tawhīd entails the encompassing of the servant. Ecstasy (wajd) entails the immersion of the servant.
Wahdat-al-Wujud · Wahdat al-Shuhud ... Ibn Arabi, El Intérprete de los Deseos (Tarŷumān al-Ašwāq), trans. by Carlos Varona Narvión (Murcia: Editora Regional de ...