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Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12–12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals (including aluminium, manganese, nickel, or zinc) and sometimes non-metals, such as phosphorus, or metalloids, such as arsenic or silicon. These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper ...
Often inter-grown, massive, radiated, granular, globular, and stalactitic. The mineral pyrite (/ ˈpaɪraɪt / PY-ryte), [ 6 ] or iron pyrite, also known as fool's gold, is an iron sulfide with the chemical formula Fe S 2 (iron (II) disulfide). Pyrite is the most abundant sulfide mineral. [ 7 ]
Wrought iron. Rust is an iron oxide, a usually reddish-brown oxide formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the catalytic presence of water or air moisture. Rust consists of hydrous iron (III) oxides (Fe 2 O 3 ·nH 2 O) and iron (III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO (OH), Fe (OH) 3), and is typically associated with the corrosion of refined iron.
Bronze disease. Bronze disease is an irreversible and nearly inexorable corrosion process that occurs when chlorides come into contact with bronze or other copper-bearing alloys. [1] It can occur as both a dark green coating, or as a much lighter whitish fuzzy or furry green coating. [1] It is not a bacterial infection, but the result of a ...
Gunmetal. Gun metal, also known as red brass in the United States, is a type of bronze – an alloy of copper, tin, and zinc. Proportions vary but 88% copper, 8–10% tin, and 2–4% zinc is an approximation. Originally used chiefly for making guns, it has largely been replaced by steel for that purpose. Gunmetal casts and machines well, and is ...
Pitting corrosion. Appearance. Severe pitting corrosion problems caused by chloride ions on a truss beam of the Nandu River Iron Bridge (Hainan Province, China) leading to the complete rupture of a metallic element. Pitting corrosion, or pitting, is a form of extremely localized corrosion that leads to the random creation of small holes in metal.
Tempering (metallurgy) Differentially tempered steel. The various colors produced indicate the temperature the steel was heated to. Light straw indicates 204 °C (399 °F) and light blue indicates 337 °C (639 °F). [1][2] Tempering is a process of heat treating, which is used to increase the toughness of iron -based alloys.
Thermite (/ ˈθɜːrmaɪt /) [ 1 ] is a pyrotechnic composition of metal powder and metal oxide. When ignited by heat or chemical reaction, thermite undergoes an exothermic reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction. Most varieties are not explosive, but can create brief bursts of heat and high temperature in a small area.