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Acute kidney injury was one of the most expensive conditions seen in U.S. hospitals in 2011, with an aggregated cost of nearly $4.7 billion for approximately 498,000 hospital stays. [46] This was a 346% increase in hospitalizations from 1997, when there were 98,000 acute kidney injury stays. [47]
Kidney ischemia [1] is a disease with a high morbidity and mortality rate. [2] Blood vessels shrink and undergo apoptosis which results in poor blood flow in the kidneys. More complications happen when failure of the kidney functions result in toxicity in various parts of the body which may cause septic shock, hypovolemia, and a need for surgery. [3]
Glomerulonephrosis. Glomerulonephrosis is a non-inflammatory disease of the kidney ( nephrosis) presenting primarily in the glomerulus (a glomerulopathy) as nephrotic syndrome. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney and it contains the glomerulus, which acts as a filter for blood to retain proteins and blood lipids.
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis ( RPGN) is a syndrome of the kidney that is characterized by a rapid loss of kidney function, [ 4][ 5] (usually a 50% decline in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) within 3 months) [ 5] with glomerular crescent formation seen in at least 50% [ 5] or 75% [ 4] of glomeruli seen on kidney biopsies.
Cardiorenal syndrome. Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is an umbrella term used in the medical field that defines disorders of the heart and kidneys whereby "acute or chronic dysfunction in one organ may induce acute or chronic dysfunction of the other". [ 1] When one of these organs fails, the other may subsequently fail. [ 2]
Complications. Acute kidney injury. Renal colic, also known as ureteric colic, is a type of abdominal pain commonly caused by obstruction of ureter from dislodged kidney stones. The most frequent site of obstruction is the vesico-ureteric junction (VUJ), the narrowest point of the upper urinary tract.
Unlike chronic kidney disease, however, the kidneys can often recover from acute kidney injury, allowing the person with AKI to resume a normal life. People with acute kidney injury require supportive treatment until their kidneys recover function, and they often remain at increased risk of developing future kidney failure.
Kidney ischemia is a loss of blood flow to the kidney cells. Several physical symptoms include shrinkage of one or both kidneys, [18] renovascular hypertension, [19] acute renal failure, [18] progressive azotemia, [18] and acute pulmonary edema. [18] It is a disease with high mortality rate and high morbidity. [20]
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