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M. Kahf writes that mu'amalat and Islamic economics "often intermingle", [67] mu'amalat "sets terms and conditions of conduct for economic and financial relationships in the Islamic economy" and provides the "grounds on which new instruments" of Islamic financing are developed, [62] but that the "nature of Fiqh imposes a concern about ...
The metaphor of a golden age began to be applied in 19th-century literature about Islamic history, in the context of the western aesthetic fashion known as Orientalism.The author of a Handbook for Travelers in Syria and Palestine in 1868 observed that the most beautiful mosques of Damascus were "like Mohammedanism itself, now rapidly decaying" and relics of "the golden age of Islam".
The phrase "the dismal science" first occurs in Thomas Carlyle's 1849 tract, "Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question", in which he argued in favor of reintroducing slavery in order to restore productivity to the West Indies: "Not a 'gay science', I should say, like some we have heard of; no, a dreary, desolate and, indeed, quite abject and ...
Protectionism, sometimes referred to as trade protectionism, is the economic policy of restricting imports from other countries through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, import quotas, and a variety of other government regulations.
Project 2025, also known as the 2025 Presidential Transition Project, [3] is a political initiative published by the Heritage Foundation that aims to promote conservative and right-wing policies to reshape the United States federal government and consolidate executive power if Donald Trump wins the 2024 presidential election.
It has applications in many fields of social science, and is used extensively in economics, logic, systems science and computer science. [2] Initially, game theory addressed two-person zero-sum games , in which a participant's gains or losses are exactly balanced by the losses and gains of the other participant.
Classical economics and many of its ideas remain fundamental in economics, though the theory itself has yielded, since the 1870s, to neoclassical economics. Other ideas have either disappeared from neoclassical discourse or been replaced by Keynesian economics in the Keynesian Revolution and neoclassical synthesis .
Physiocracy (French: physiocratie; from the Greek for "government of nature") is an economic theory developed by a group of 18th-century Age of Enlightenment French economists who believed that the wealth of nations derived solely from the value of "land agriculture" or "land development" and that agricultural products should be highly priced. [1]