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Blue flowers are rare in nature, [citation needed] and despite many attempts, blue roses, carnations and chrysanthemums in particular cannot not be produced by conventional breeding techniques. Blue colour in flower petals is caused by delphinidin, a type of anthocyanin, which are a class of flavonoids. [1]
Dianthus caryophyllus (/ d aɪ ˈ æ n θ ə s ˌ k ɛər i ə ˈ f ɪ l ə s / dy-AN-thəs KAIR-ee-ə-FIL-əs), [1] [2] commonly known as carnation or clove pink, is a species of Dianthus native to the Mediterranean region. Its exact natural range is uncertain due to extensive cultivation over the last 2,000 years.
It is white to pale orange in color and generally soluble in organic solvents such as chloroform and ethanol, but insoluble with water. [ 2 ] 4'-Hydroxyflavanone is a naturally occurring product with cosmetic and potential clinical applications that is found in plants such as carnations ( Dianthus caryophyllus ).
Anthocyanin extracts are not specifically listed among approved color additives for foods in the United States; however, grape juice, red grape skin and many fruit and vegetable juices, which are approved for use as colorants, are rich in naturally occurring anthocyanins. [46]
Floral color change may also be caused by an increase or decrease in pH causing a reddening/blueing of anthocyanins and co-pigments. Floral color change can be inducible or non-inducible. Some flowers will change color at the same rate regardless of pollinator visitation, while others can be induced by pollen deposition on the stigma.
Betanin is commercially used as a natural food dye. It can cause beeturia (red urine) and red feces in some people who are unable to break it down. The interest of the food industry in betalains has grown since they were identified by in vitro methods as antioxidants , [ 21 ] which may protect against oxidation of low-density lipoproteins .
Caryophyllaceae, commonly called the pink family or carnation family, is a family of flowering plants. It is included in the dicotyledon order Caryophyllales in the APG III system, alongside 33 other families, including Amaranthaceae, Cactaceae, and Polygonaceae. [1] It is a large family, with 81 genera and about 2,625 known species. [3]
In general, carotenoids absorb wavelengths ranging from 400 to 550 nanometers (violet to green light). This causes the compounds to be deeply colored yellow, orange, or red. Carotenoids are the dominant pigment in autumn leaf coloration of about 15-30% of tree species, [3] but many plant colors, especially reds and purples, are due to polyphenols.