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Two such solutions, for the two values of s satisfying the equation, can be combined to make the general real solutions, with oscillatory and decaying properties in several regimes: Phase portrait of damped oscillator, with increasing damping strength. It starts at undamped, proceeds to underdamped, then critically damped, then overdamped. Undamped
Damped oscillation is a typical transient response, where the output value oscillates until finally reaching a steady-state value. In electrical engineering and mechanical engineering, a transient response is the response of a system to a change from an equilibrium or a steady state. The transient response is not necessarily tied to abrupt ...
The boundary solution between an underdamped oscillator and an overdamped oscillator occurs at a particular value of the friction coefficient and is called critically damped. If an external time-dependent force is present, the harmonic oscillator is described as a driven oscillator .
Phase portrait of damped oscillator, with increasing damping strength. The equation of motion is x ¨ + 2 γ x ˙ + ω 2 x = 0. {\displaystyle {\ddot {x}}+2\gamma {\dot {x}}+\omega ^{2}x=0.} In mathematics , a phase portrait is a geometric representation of the orbits of a dynamical system in the phase plane .
The underdamped response is a decaying oscillation at frequency ω d. The oscillation decays at a rate determined by the attenuation α. The exponential in α describes the envelope of the oscillation. B 1 and B 2 (or B 3 and the phase shift φ in the second form) are arbitrary constants determined by boundary conditions. The frequency ω d is ...
The equation describes the motion of a damped oscillator with a more complex potential than in simple harmonic motion (which corresponds to the case = =); in physical terms, it models, for example, an elastic pendulum whose spring's stiffness does not exactly obey Hooke's law.
Near the origin = =, the system is unstable, and far from the origin, the system is damped. The Van der Pol oscillator does not have an exact, analytic solution. [13] However, such a solution does exist for the limit cycle if f(x) in the Lienard equation is a constant piece-wise function.
The frequency of oscillation at x is proportional to the momentum p(x) of a classical particle of energy E n and position x. Furthermore, the square of the amplitude (determining the probability density) is inversely proportional to p ( x ) , reflecting the length of time the classical particle spends near x .