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An energy derivative is a derivative contract based on (derived from) an underlying energy asset, such as natural gas, crude oil, or electricity. [1] Energy derivatives are exotic derivatives and include exchange-traded contracts such as futures and options, and over-the-counter (i.e., privately negotiated) derivatives such as forwards, swaps and options.
The companies enter into hedging contracts to mitigate their exposure to future fuel prices that may be higher than current prices and/or to establish a known fuel cost for budgeting purposes. If such a company buys a fuel swap and the price of fuel declines, the company will effectively be forced to pay an above-market rate for fuel.
In finance, a 'futures contract' (more colloquially, futures) is a standardized contract between two parties to buy or sell a specified asset of standardized quantity and quality for a price agreed upon today (the futures price) with delivery and payment occurring at a specified future date, the delivery date, making it a derivative product (i ...
Such forward contracts began as a way of reducing pricing risk in food and agricultural product markets. By agreeing in advance on a price for a future delivery, farmers were able protect their output against a possible fall of market prices and in contrast buyers were able to protect themselves against a possible rise of market prices.
Hydrocarbon price volatility, particularly in the context of hydrocarbon economies, is a complex phenomenon impacted by a confluence of geopolitical, economic, and market factors. The period between 2010 and 2014, where hydrocarbon prices hovered around USD 100 per barrel, followed by a dramatic decline in 2016 to about USD 30 per barrel ...
Examples include agricultural products such as rice, [3] and energy futures, such as oil and natural gas. [4] [5] Transactions on a forward market are typically not standardized, and contracts are customised to the needs of the trading parties. [6] [7] In contrast, standardized forward contracts are called futures contracts and traded on a ...
The oil and gas industry operates in countries throughout the world in accordance with a number of different types of agreements. These agreements generally fall into one of four categories (or a combination of the categories): risk agreements, concessions, production sharing agreements (PSAs, also known as production sharing contracts, PSCs) and service contracts.
A futures exchange or futures market is a central financial exchange where people can trade standardized futures contracts defined by the exchange. [1] Futures contracts are derivatives contracts to buy or sell specific quantities of a commodity or financial instrument at a specified price with delivery set at a specified time in the future.