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Glutamate transporters are a family of neurotransmitter transporter proteins that move glutamate – the principal excitatory neurotransmitter – across a membrane. The family of glutamate transporters is composed of two primary subclasses: the excitatory amino acid transporter ( EAAT ) family and vesicular glutamate transporter ( VGLUT ) family.
The sodium/glutamate symporter, also known as glutamate permease, is a transmembrane protein family found in bacteria and archaea. These proteins are symporters that are responsible for the sodium-dependent uptake of extracellular glutamate into the cell. They are integral membrane proteins located in the bacterial inner membrane. [1]
NorM seems to function as drug/sodium antiporter which is the first example of Na +-coupled multidrug efflux transporter discovered. [7] NorM is a prototype of a new transporter family and Brown et al. named it the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion family. [1]
The abgT gene is preceded by two genes, abgA and abgB, which code for homologous amino acyl amino hydrolases and hydrolyze p-aminobenzoyl glutamate to p-aminobenzoate and glutamate. [5] Because of the structural similarity of p -aminobenzoyl-glutatmate to peptides, and the enzymatic activities of the abgA and abgB gene products, it has been ...
[23] [24] While the initial MFS structures solved were of bacterial transporters, recently structures of the first eukaryotic structures have been published. These include a fungal phosphate transporter PiPT, [ 16 ] plant nitrate transporter NRT1.1, [ 11 ] [ 25 ] and the human glucose transporter GLUT1 .
In animals, fungi, and bacteria, GABA-T helps facilitate a reaction that moves an amine group from GABA to 2-oxoglutarate, and a ketone group from 2-oxoglutarate to GABA. [4] [5] [6] This produces succinate semialdehyde and L-glutamate. [4] In plants, pyruvate and glyoxylate can be used in the place of 2-oxoglutarate.
Examples from Gram-negative bacteria include α-hemolysin, cyclolysin, colicin V and siderophores, while examples from Gram-positive bacteria include bacteriocin, subtilin, competence factor and pediocin. [28] ATP + H 2 O + protein [side 1] = ADP + phosphate + protein [side 2] 7.4.2.6 ABC-type oligopeptide transporter
CLC transporters shuttle H + across the membrane. The H + pathway in CLC transporters utilizes two glutamate residues—one on the extracellular side, Glu ex, and one on the intracellular side, Glu in. Glu ex also serves to regulate chloride exchange between the protein and extracellular solution. This means that the chloride and the proton ...